Black out, No More!

Pakistan is facing electricity shortage very badly. It’s obvious that government can’t solve energy crises in a short time. As a result of not very efficient governance, the energy crises is affecting the farming sector negatively.

Due to the frequency of power cut, one of the progressive farmers in Hyderabad thought outside the box and installed an innovative solar panel in the region. He irrigates also his crops thanks to this solar power energy without power cut.  It seems to be a long way to solve energy problems but is a step forward to it. Pakistani people should not forget that they have enough sunny days! 

Banana Wind Breakers

In Sindh Province (Pakistan) one of the main crop is banana and will increase the following years. The reason is that local people call the banana "cash crop".  Asim Agriculture Farm (AAF) is one of the few extraordinary progressive farms in Sindh. In order to prevent wind damages AAF engineers have planted tall varieties of banana all around the field and with this simple method , they are able to decrease probability of severe disasters at their farm. 

According to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) the climate Change predictions in Pakistan will be dangerous due to the global warming. In Tando Allahyar some people already started to follow AAF’s good practices.

Conjunctive win win

Due to the lack of drainage network in Sindh province (Pakistan) the  majority of the farmers are facing water logging problems and as a result,  soil is becoming saline day by day. Once the field becomes saline, farmers can not harvest… As the majority of Pakistani’s income is dependent on agriculture, if they dont open drainage networks, people will face more difficulties… 

Some of farmers dug their own surface drainage. In this video from the Nawazabad Farm, it shows a very simple surface drainage canal that not only balances groundwater level but also collects seepage from the canal and used as water shortage. Basically Nawazabad farm is doing conjunctive water use at their field.
In these kind of areas where  there is water scarce, one of the best solution is conjunctive water use. 

The Big Cleanup

Posted by Frank van Steenbergen, Bakshlal Lashari and Sukru Esin January 15, 2013 It may be one of the word’s largest clean ups – the annual ‘canal closure’ in the mega irrigation systems in Sindh, Pakistan. Every year for two weeks in January the large irrigation canals are closed. No water is allowed to flow in them during that period. Instead, manual labour and excavators move in to remove the silt that has built up over the course of the year. An impressive routine has developed: All the labour engaged in the irrigation canals are mobilized at once when the intake gates are shut down. The gates are further reinforced with jute bags and earthen dikes in front of them so that no water flows into these mighty canals. Some of Sindh’s canal are the largest in the world: the single Rohri Canal for instance irrigates 1.3 Million hectares and the Nara Canal 1 Million hectares. They are wider and longer than, for instance, the Suez canal. Not all canals section are cleaned – this would simply be too much work especially given the resources that are available. The maintenance of the canal systems is chronically underfunded. Farmers are supposed to pay a rather complex irrigation tax in Sindh, based on an assessment of the crop grown in the previous season. This assessment is laborious and the outcomes are usually either disputed or ‘negotiated’. Moreover, the amounts charged per unit land (USD 5-10 per hectare) are too low – so there is no great willingness to collect the meagre sums.  Hence the focus is on the ‘hard water canals’: canals that choke rapidly because they are curvy and very flat. And canals that are made ‘in fill’, i.e. constructed on top of the land. If not maintained well, such high canals get breached and flood the land. Interesting rituals have come into existence. When the sill at the top section of the canal is cleaned of silt, the year is painted on the concrete blocks at the bottom of the canal. This is then covered under water until next year’s cleaning operations.  (See picture above). The mega canals have transformed Sindh Province like no other force. What until 1930 was desert country dependent on annual floods has been a well laid out, perennially irrigated land for decades. However, productivity of this land is lower than all other areas. In many areas, close 65% of the water is just lost to evaporation. The big challenge is water logging.  Due to irrigation,  groundwater levels have come very close to the surface, saturating the soil so that most crops cannot grow any longer. Besides,  the constant evaporation of water transports the salts in it to the surface, creating plots of land with white crusts of salt on the surface that are no longer useable. The soggy and saline land not only loses its productivity but also causes a number of diseases: malaria, kidney problems and liver fluke (for livestock). This waterlogging is not inevitable. Simply too much water is allowed into these flat areas which simply cannot go away; a situation that naturally turns into massive waterlogging. The telling story in this regard is of the 1998-2002 drought when water supplies were reduced by 20% but crop production went up, not down. The reason is that the waterlogging got dissipated over large parts of the Sindh Province. Whereas in ‘normal’ years it extends to 40% of the irrigated land (say 2 Million hectares), in the dry years the water logging dropped to less than 5% of the land: an enormous difference.  In other words, the drought was a blessing. There is so much scope to make better use of the gift of water in Sindh: rationalizing how much water is led into the area is Priority Number One.  Then there is also a need to improve drainage and at least start unblocking the natural drains that have been disturbed by the building of roads and other infrastructure. Also, farming can improve. Travelling in Sindh, one spots small islands of hope where farmers are using wise water management techniques-- such as mulching, ridges and green houses-- and achieving high productivity, whereas their neighbours continue to over-irrigate and face waterlogging and salinity. Some farmers have also taken drainage into their own hands: excavating their own drains and sometimes taking over drainage pumping stations that the government owned but was unable to take care of. The final solution is to live better with the salt. A large part of Sindh Province has saline groundwater. Though difficult, there are options to use saline water productively: growing special crop varieties, using natural salt-tolerant plants, making fishponds, use soil remediants or adding more manure to the land. Even though Sindh is now low on agricultural yields, it is a land of large promise.  With better water management and more innovative farming, Sindh could become an agricultural power house for the food hungry Middle East. This article published on the water channel tv website. http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/en/thewaterplaza/the-water-blog

Soil Salinity in Harran Plain, Turkey

Soil salinity is a serious environmental problem affecting 20% of total irrigated land across the globe.

Harran Plain has the biggest groundwater reserve in the Middle-East and the largest irrigation field in the Southeastern Anatolia Project region which is 3700 square km  drainage area, 1500 square km plain area and 476000 hectares of irrigation area. Crop pattern is very poor: about 70% is just cotton planting. There is a big problem with the salanization in this area since the Turkish State Hydraulic Works Directorate (DSI) irrigation project started.

Climate

The main average temperature is 18.88^oC and the annual rainfall is about 300 mm, with evaporation reaching as high as 2023 mm. The highest evaporation occurs generally in July and the lowest in February. Rain is irregular and mostly falls in winter. But the area receives almost no rainfall between June and September. 

         Graph: Local Growing Seasons (Resource: New LocClim)

Harran plain is arid area and cotton the main crop. This graph shows the six months of dry period, nearly one month of moist and four months of humidity. What it basically means long dry summer with very low precipitation in the plain.

The water budget for the Harran Plain, as reported by the Turkish State of Water Works for the year 2000, reveals that water entering the plain for irrigation is about 1208 million cubic meters and precipitation contributes about 104 million cubic meters.

The losses of water from the plain occur in two ways: (1) evapotranspiration accounting for about 996 million cubic meters, (2) discharge as runoff and drainage resulting in 193 million cubic meters.

The annual rate of water storage in the plain is about 121 million cubic meters. The stored water stays in the system and increases in groundwater level, especially from the south to the middle north of the plain (Özgür et al., 2001). Currently, about 15% of the plain is salt-affected and 30% of it has a shallow water table able to develop salinity-related problems (Cullu et al., 2002).

The Effect of Climate Change on Harran Plain

Global Clime Change scenarios show that south east Turkey will have less precipitation and the summer will be longer.  The Harran plain in southeastern Turkey then, will have less precipitation and more hot days in the future according to IPCC Global Climate Change prediction report.

Despite of all suggestions, farmers not willing to change irrigation methods as well as government does not want to decrease the funding for cotton plant.s This high income persuades the farmers to plant this crop every year.

According to IPCC Global Climate Change reports, that people are using water (almost 65%) for irrigation around the world. In Turkey that percentage is higher than the average. It is about 72% for agricultural irrigation. That´s why the State Hydraulic Works Directorate needs to change irrigation policy regarding this report. Also DSI should help farmers to develop modern irrigation methods and prepare theimselves for 2100 scenarios action plan. 

Stolen Harvest

The Harran plain lies in the cradle of one of the world’s oldest civilizations that flourished between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris.

In 1996, planned irrigation came to Harran Plain in southeast Turkey. It was expected to bring a lot of benefits to agriculture in the region. Between then and 2012, the area under irrigation has increased from 35,000 to 150,000. However, the irrigation has been excessive and more than 10% of that land has been lost to salanization already. A much greater area is under threat of following suit. 

Experts point out that the irrigation systems introduced in the region comprise mostly of open channels, and are therefore bound to fail given the topography and the climate. Annual evaporation losses in Harran are five times the annual rainfall. Under such conditions, open irrigation systems are bound to lead to soil salanization. Closed systems such as pipelines and drip irrigation systems are much more suitable, and much necessary in order to prevent degradation of land and hardship to farmers.
Click the link and watch the documentary.

http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/en/thewaterplaza/discussions/176-soil-salinity-in-harran-plain-turkey